Biomarkers in Drug Free Subjects with Depression : Correlation with Tryptophan

OBJECTIVE: Depression is a prevalent condition that is costly to individuals and society. In view of a role of tryptophan (TRP), selenium (Se), vitamin D (Vit D), magnesium (Mg) and serotonin in depression, the present study concerns to evaluate the circulating levels of TRP, Se, Vit D, Mg and serotonin in depression as well as the correlation between TRP and other serum analytes is also established.METHODS: Healthy (n=48) and depressed (n=48) subjects were recruited and their blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast of 12 h, serum was stored for the determination of levels of TRP, Se, Vit D, Mg, and serotonin.RESULTS: show that levels of TRP, Se, Vit D, Mg, and serotonin were decreased in the depressed patient when compared to normal subjects. There is a direct correlation between TRP and Vit D, and TRP and Se while the inverse correlation between TRP and Mg, and TRP and serotonin in depressed subjects. The association among TRP and other biomarkers is non-significant.CONCLUSION: In conclusion, depression is associated with deficiency of TRP, Se, Vit D, Mg, and serotonin displays the characteristics of biomarkers. The correlation between TRP and other biomarkers/trace elements is also important in depression.

Calcium regulation in alzheimer's disease: mechanistic understanding

This study is systematic review of the research, focused on all possible pathways involved in calcium [Ca2+] regulation in order to utilize them in the control and remediation of Alzheimer's disease [AD], because Ca2+ plays important role in pathogenesis of AD. Electronic databases, Science Direct and PubMed/Medline, for relevant publications between 2000- April 2017, were searched. Ca2+ ions are very important in cell signaling in body, specially the neuronal signaling. Many pathways are involved in normal neuronal Ca2+ signaling. AD is one of the most commonly known neurodegenerative disorders, causing dementia and some other neuropathological signs in mostly elderly people reaching a rate of 44 million until now. Depending upon certain possibilities, many hypothesis were proposed related to AD; out of which, one is Ca2+ hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, disturbance in Ca2+ signaling pathway due to certain reasons, such as accumulation of beta-amyloid proteins, ER stress, cytochrome c activation etc., causes AD. Due to less clinical research, only few FDA approved pharmaceuticals are available for treatment of AD. Reviewed studies suggest that Ca2+ channel blocker and initiator may play an important role in cure of AD